Minggu, 23 Oktober 2011
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Flora of Indonesia
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A melting pot of Indonesian flora in Cibodas botanical garden, Indonesia.
The flora of Indonesia consists of many unique varieties of tropical plants. Blessed with a tropical climate and around 18,000 islands, Indonesia is a nation with the second largest biodiversity in the world. The flora of Indonesia reflects an intermingling of Asian, Australian and the native species. This is due to the geography of Indonesia, located between two continents. The archipelago consists of a variety of regions from the tropical rain forests of the northern lowlands and the seasonal forests of the southern lowlands through the hill and mountain vegetation, to subalpine shrub vegetation. Having the second longest shoreline in the world, Indonesia also has many regions of swamps and coastal vegetation. Combined together, these all give rise to a huge vegetational biodiversity. There are about 28,000 species of flowering plants in Indonesia, consisting 2500 different kinds of orchids, 6000 traditional medicinal plants used as Jamu.,[1] 122 species of bamboo, over 350 species of rattan and 400 species of Dipterocarpus, including ebony, sandalwood and teakwood. Indonesia is also home to some unusual species such as carnivorous plants. One exceptional species is known as Rafflesia arnoldi, named after Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and Dr. Arnold, who discovered the flower in the depths of Bengkulu, southwest Sumatra. This parasitic plant has a large flower, does not produce leaves and grow on a certain liana on the rain forest floor. Another unusual plant is Amorphophallus titanum from Sumatra. Numerous species of insect trapping pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.) can also be found in Borneo, Sumatra, and other islands of the Indonesian archipelago.
Origin of Indonesian flora
The origin of flora in Indonesia is heavily affected by geographical and geological events in Asian continent and Australasian continent (now Australia).[2] The present New Guinea island was connected with the present Australia continent, forming a supercontinent called the southern supercontinent Gondwana. This supercontinent began to break up 140 million years ago, and the New Guinea region (previously known as Sahul) moved towards the equator. As a result, animals from New Guinea traveled to Australian continent and vice versa, creating many different species living in different ecosystems. This activities still occur until the two regions separated completely.
Asian continent influences, on the other hand, is the result of the reformation of the Laurasia supercontinent, which existed after the breakup of Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. Around 200 million years ago, the Laurasia supercontinent split completely, forming Laurentia (now America) and Eurasia continents. Although this occurred, the mainland of the Eurasia continent, including China, was not separated completely from the Indonesian archipelago. As a result, plants from the Eurasia mainland could propagate to the archipelago, and, under a different ecosystems, new forms of species were formed.
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In the nineteenth century, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed the idea of the Wallace Line, which is a line that divides Indonesian archipelago into two regions, the Asian biogeographical region (Sundaland) and the Australasia biogeographical Region (Wallacea). The line runs through the Indonesian Archipelago, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes); and between Bali and Lombok.[3]
The Indonesian archipelago, home of the Spice Islands, has been known since ancient time as the source of spices, such as clove, nutmeg, and pepper. The Maluku Islands were, until the late eighteenth century, the only source of economically significant spices. In the colonial time, clove and nutmeg were the most valuable commodities after gold and silver for the most Europeans. During the Dutch colonial era in Indonesia, the Dutch also created many plantages (plantations) of coffee, tea and sugar cane, mostly in Java.
Along with the history of Indonesia the sailors from India, China and Europe have brought also new kinds of plant species to this archipelago. Plant species, which are not native to this archipelago, such as tea, coffee and rubber tree are then established.
[edit] Vegetation types
The Distribution of Indonesian vegetation
Indonesia’s terrestrial flora can be collected into characteristic vegetation groups. The most important determinant is rainfall, followed by temperature which affects water availability. The distribution of Indonesian flora is dominated by the broadleaf evergreen forests. This is mostly seen in the regions where population density is still relatively low, such as Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi and West Papua. On Java and Bali the vegetation is dominated by cultivated plants. Swamp forests, mangrove, and Nypa fruticans forests are found along the coast. On the mountainous regions subalpine and alpine vegetation is dominant. In the lesser Sunda islands, where rainfall is not as plentiful as in other parts of Indonesia, grasslands are regularly seen.
[edit] Biodiversity Hotspots
The flower of Amorphophallus titanum at Bogor Botanical Gardens
According to the Conservation International, there are two biodiversity hotspots in Indonesia: Wallacea and Sundaland.[4] The provinces of West Papua and Papua are also extremely biodiverse. Lorentz National Park, located in the province of Papua, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 by UNESCO.[5]
[edit] Sundaland
Sundaland, which is located on the west part of the Indonesian archipelago, holds about 25,000 different species of plants. 15,000 of them are endemic to this region and cannot be found anywhere else. Scyphostegiaceae is a plant family represented by a single species, Scyphostegia borneensis, which is endemic to Borneo. Another 155 species of Dipterocarpus are also endemic to this island. Borneo also has more than 2,000 species of orchids. The forests in Sumatra include more than 100 species of Dipterocarpus, nearly a dozen of them are endemic to this island. The island Java has about 270 endemic orchid species.
At least 117 plant genera are endemic in this biodiversity hotspot. 59 of them are found in Borneo and 17 in Sumatra. Unique plants from this region are similar to ones from the Asian continent, mentioning Rafflesia arnoldii, the pitcher plants and Javanese Edelweiss (Anaphalis javanica) as examples.
Flowers of Eucalyptus deglupta
[edit] Wallacea
It is estimated, that there are about 10,000 species of plants in this biodiversity hotspot region. About 1,200 species and 12 genera are endemic. The island of Sulawesi has about 500 endemic plant species. The islands of Moluccas have about 300 endemic plant species and the Lesser Sunda Islands consist of at least 120 endemic plant species. Little is known about the flora of this region. Three of these unique species, Agathis, Pterocarpus indicus, and Eucalyptus deglupta, are mentioned as examples.
[edit] West Papua and Papua
The flora of this region has somewhat the influence of the Australian continent. This region contain a continuous transect from snow cap mountains, lowland wetlands to tropical marine environment. This is the perfect place for such a huge number of diverse plant species. It has been estimated that Papua and west Papua may contain from 20,000 to 25,000 species of vascular plants. An astonishing 60-90% of them may be endemic to this region. This region has been poorly explored so the actual number of endemic species is unknown.
[edit] Indonesia's national flowers
On 5 June 1990, in a ceremony to mark the World Environment Day, President Soeharto declared three flowers as Indonesia's national flowers. These are the melati (Jasminum sambac), a small white flower with a sweet fragrance, the anggrek bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis), and of course the Rafflesia arnoldi.
[edit] National love flora and fauna day
In order to build respect and love for the Indonesian flora and fauna, the government has declared November 5 as the national love flora and fauna day. Annually there are postage stamps released with this motto. They show pictures of plants and animals, which are endemic or unique for a specific region or a province of Indonesia.
[edit] Current issues
Deforestation is a major problem in Indonesia. The current rate is a loss of 2 million hectares per year.[6] As a highly populous country with the tendency of rapid industrialisation, the need of natural resources and land also increases. Illegally created wildfire causes heavy smog around Indonesia's neighbour countries.
According to the Indonesian department of forestry, there are currently 174 plants endemic in Indonesia listed as endangered species.[7]
Maintaining the balance between the need of economical growth of the country and the preservation of its natural heritage is not an easy duty. Just like other developing nations, Indonesia is currently trying to keep this balance. Ecotourism might be one solution to this problem. Using the biodiversity, Indonesia might improve the economical status of its issolated regions.
[edit] See also
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Flora of Indonesia
* List of national parks of Indonesia
* Geography of Indonesia
* Fauna of Indonesia
* List of Indonesian floral emblems
[edit] References
1. ^ "Flora-The Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia in New Zealand". The Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia (Administrator). http://www.indonesianembassy.org.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Itemid=89. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
2. ^ "Indonesia - Flora and Fauna". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Encyclopedia of the Nations. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Indonesia-FLORA-AND-FAUNA.html. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
3. ^ Zubi, Teresa (2006-08-25). "The Wallacea Line". http://www.starfish.ch/dive/Wallacea.html. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
4. ^ "Biodiversity Hotspots". http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/hotspots_by_region/. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
5. ^ "UNESCO- Lorentz National Park". http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=955. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
6. ^ "Global Forest Watch: Indonesia". http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/indonesia/forests.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
7. ^ "Indonesian Departement of Forestry". http://li.defined.net/cgi-bin/pika.exe/html?html=ctry/pl_en_list.htm&iso3=IDN. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
Kamis, 20 Oktober 2011
http://www.face-thefuture.com
The role of forests
Forest ecosystems deliver a vast array of products and services to the society. Perhaps the most famous product from the forest is wood, which also has a enormous diversity of applications and purposes, such as construction purposes, furniture and fuel. But apart from that there is a large number of non-timber forest products, like medicinal plants, honey, fruits and bushmeat. The availability, the use and the importance of these products varies per region and per culture. Especially in developing countries many people are dependant upon these products. In many cases they form an important part of the diet, like proteins from animal products. Most often the poorest and vulnerable part of society depend very much on the forest. This group can also revert to the forest resources in periods when their conditions get worse – the forest is then functioning as a safety net.
Ecosystem Services
Apart from concrete products, forests also deliver all kind of Ecosystem Services. Forests play an important role in the global and local water cycle. The specific role very much depends on the local circumstances and conditions and also on the forest type itself. Positive effects of forest are attracting rain water, purification of water and regulation of water flows. In areas with relief trees protect the soil against erosion.
Forests also influence local climate. Dependant on the latitude forest influences the temperature in a region: in the tropics forest have a net cooling effect through evapotranspiration while at higher altitudes, mainly boreal forests, there is a net warming effect because the relative dark colour of the canopies absorbs warmth from the sun (albedo effect). On a global level forests stabilize climate by regulating energy and water cycles. Rainwater that is generated by the Amazon tropical forest enables the beef and soya production as well as the biofuel industry in Brazil, which are of great importance for the economy. And the deforestation in Southeast Asia can have consequences for the rainfall patterns in Southern Europe and the Northwest coastal area of the United States.
Cultural aspects
Forests do also have a cultural, religious and spiritual significance, like sacred forests, that are often untouched or protected. In Ethiopia, a country with a very high deforestation rate, the few remaining forests are located near old churches. Specific locations in the forest can also be used for rituals like circumcision or initiation.
Biodiversity
From a biodiversity viewpont forest are also extremely valuable. The tropical rainforest is the biome with the largest biodiversity of all biomes. Many impressive species live in forests, like the great apes. However, ecosystems in general have very much changed in the past 50 years, more than in any other period of human history. That also applies to forest ecosystems. This has resulted in big en often irreversible loss of diversity of life on earth. In the past centuries 1000 times more species were extinct than on average in the period before. And at this moment 10 to 30 % of mammal, bird and amphibian species are threatened with extinction. It is of importance to conserve biodiversity, because it has all kinds of regulating, supportive, cultural and provisional functions. Interventions are required to stop deforestation, forest fragmentation, forest degradation but also climate change. There is a lot of uncertainty with respect to the effect of climate change on biodiversity, but it is clear that it is an important stress factor for ecosystems.
Ownership
The services of the forest are public goods: not only the landowner benefits but also its neighbours and e.g. the people that live downstream a forested area. When it comes to CO2 storage or to unique biodiversity, the world population as a whole benefits. Forest owners usually do not get paid for the services, which leads to biased decisions on land-use. The landowners will choose for the most profitable type of land-use and if external costs and benefits are not included, it is likely that forests are converted to arable land, pasture or plantations. By offering the landowner a prize for the public goods, they can make a fair and sustainable choice. One option that of selling the stored or sequestered carbon from the forest through carbon credits.
Sources:
-Mitchell, A.W.,Secoy,K and Mardas N. (2007). Forests First in the Fight against Climate Change. Global Canopy Programme.
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.
Rabu, 12 Oktober 2011
http://www.bali-travelnet.com/sangeh_bali
Sangeh Monkey Forest Information
Sangeh is a village located on the western part of Denpasar, around an
hour drive from Kuta and other tourist resort on south Bali. It is renown as one of
the tourist object. Sangeh Monkey Forest covers an area of six hectare
of tropical rain forest and is connected by well developed road to
Denpasar. Other interesting place around this area is Pelaga Village
featuring breathtaking green hill views with hectares of rice paddies on
the foot of the hill.There is an old temple in Sangeh Monkey Forest and was built during the seventeenth century. Thousand of sacred nutmeg trees covers the whole area and are the home for the monkeys and bats. This is a small forest measuring 12,00ha where you can find hundreds of monkey in their natural habitat.
In Hindu religion monkeys have a special status that is the main reason monkeys live freely and peaceful in Sangeh. Humabeing and monkeys live harmoniously without disturbing each other. The monkeys are very attracted in shiny object such as Camera, glasses and etc, so keep your things with calm.
How to get there
To get there, you can ride Bemo the local public transportation, from Ubung and Wangaya bus terminal in central of Denpasar. Sangeh is within an easy drive from Mengwi, 15 kilometer southwest, or 40 minutes ride to the west of Ubud. Alternatively you can join in an organized tours from the travel agent.
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Minggu, 09 Oktober 2011
The tropical rainforest
Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The Rainforest
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Climate: (Koeppen's Af and Am climate types.) Mean monthly temperatures are above 64 ° F; precipitation is often in excess of 100 inches a year. There is usually a brief season of reduced precipitation. In monsoonal areas, there is a real dry s eason, but that is more than compensated for with abundant precipitation the rest of the year.
Vegetation: A vertical stratification of three layer of trees is apparent.. These layers have been identified as A, B, and C layers:
- A layer: the emergents. Widely spaced trees 100 to 120 feet tall and with umbrella-shaped canopies extend above the general canopy of the forest. Since they must contend with drying winds, they tend to have small leaves and some species are deci duous during the brief dry season.
- B layer: a closed canopy of 80 foot trees. Light is readily available at the top of this layer, but greatly reduced below it.
- C layer: a closed canopy of 60 foot trees. There is little air movement in this zone and consequently humidity is constantly high.
- Shrub/sapling layer: Less than 3 percent of the light intercepted at the top of the forest canopy passes to this layer. Arrested growth is characteristic of young trees capable of a rapid surge of growth when a gap in canopy above them opens.
- Ground layer: sparse plant growth. Less than 1 percent of the light that strikes the top of the forest penetrates to the forest floor. In such darkness few green plants grow. Moisture is also reduced by the canopy above: one third of the precipitation is intercepted before it reaches the ground.
- Epiphytes: the so-called air plants grow on branches high in the trees, using the limbs merely for support and extracting moisture from the air and trapping the constant leaf-fall and wind-blown dust. Bromeliads (pineapple family) are especially abundant in the neotropics; the orchid family is widely distributed in all three formations of the tropical rainforest. As demonstration of the relative aridity of exposed branches in the high canopy, epiphytic cacti also occur in the Americas.
- Lianas: woody vines grow rapidly up the tree trunks when there is a temporary gap in the canopy and flower and fruit in the tree tops of the A and B layers. Many are deciduous.
- Climbers: green-stemmed plants such as philodendron that remain in the understory. Many climbers, including the ancestors of the domesticated yams (Africa) and sweet potatoes (South America), store nutrients in roots and tubers.
- Stranglers: these plants begin life as epiphytes in the canopy and send their roots downward to the forest floor. The fig family is well represented among stranglers.
- Heterotrophs: non-photosynthetic plants can live on the
forest floor.
- Parasites derive their nutrients by tapping into the roots or stems of photosynthetic species. Rafflesia arnoldi, a root parasite of a liana, has the world's largest flower, more than three feet in diameter. It produces an odor similar to rotting flesh to attract pollinating insects.
- Saprophytes derive their nutrients from decaying organic matter. Some orchids employ this strategy common to fungi and bacteria.
- Buttresses: many species have broad, woody flanges at the base of the trunk. Originally believed to help support the tree, now it is believed that the buttresses channel stem flow and its dissolved nutrients to the roots.
- Large leaves are common among trees of the C layer. Young individuals of trees destined for the B and A layers may also have large trees. When the reach the canopy new leaves will be smaller. The large leaf surface helps intercept light in the sun-dappled lower strata of the forest.
- Drip tips facilitate drainage of precipitation off the leaf to promote transpiration. They occur in the lower layers and among the saplings of species of the emergent layer (A layer).
Other characteristics that distinguish tropical species of trees from those of temperate forests include
- Exceptionally thin bark, often only 1-2 mm thick. Usually very smooth, although sometimes armed with spines or thorns.
- Cauliflory, the development of flowers (and hence fruits) directly from the trunk, rather than at the tips of branches.
- Large fleshy fruits attract birds, mammals, and even fish as dispersal agents.
Fauna: Animal life is highly diverse. Common characteristics found among mammals and birds (and reptiles and amphibians, too) include adaptations to an arboreal life (for example, the prehensile tails of New World monkeys), bright colors and sharp patterns, loud vocalizations, and diets heavy on fruits.
Distribution of biome: The tropical rainforest is found between 10 ° N and 10 ° S latitude at elevations below 3,000 feet. There are three major, disjunct formations:
- Neotropical (Amazonia into Central America)
- African (Zaire Basin with an outlier in West Africa; also eastern Madagascar)
- Indo- Malaysian (west coast of India, Assam, southeast Asia, New Guinea and Queensland, Australia.
Alpine expressions of the biome: A simplification of the tropical rainforest in species composition and in stratification occurs as elevation exceeds 3000 ft. Distinct communities are found at higher elevations, communities that do not replicate latitudinal changes in vegetation as do alpine communities in temperate zones. For more information, see Tropical Life Zones.
| Biomes | Biogeography | Geography Department | Radford University |
Created by SLW, October 13, 1996 Last modified October 29, 1997.
Minggu, 24 Juli 2011
Menutup Lubang Ozon dengan Sejuta Pohon
Menutup Lubang Ozon dengan Sejuta Pohon
Ozon dilapisan stratosfer memiliki peran penting dalam menyerap radiasi sinar UV (Ultraviolet) yang di pancarkan matahari ke bumi.Sejumlah senyawa polutan dapat menghancurkan ozon. Data terbaru mengungkapkan bahwa kerusakan lubang ozon di kutub Selatan sebesar 27 juta kilomter persegi.
Hal ini membuatnya lebih besar dibandingkan Amerika Utara yang luasnya sekitar 25 juta kilometer persegi.
Hal ini terjadi karena banyak sekali perilaku hidup manusia yang tanpa disadari menyebabkan kerusakan. Pusat Sains dan Teknologi Atmosfer Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (LAPAN) merilis, bahwa lubang ozon di kutub Selatan ini bukan dalam arti lubang yang sebenarnya pada lapisan ozon. Akan tetapi, lubang ozon merupakan penipisan lapisan-lapisan ozon dengan konsentrasi lebih rendah dari 220 DU. Nilai ini berdasarkan pengamatan ozon di Kutub Selatan yang tidak pernah lebih tinggi dari 220 DU sejak tahun 1979.
Sedangkan kondisi ozon di Indonesia berdasarkan data total ozon hasil pengukuran satelit Nimbus pada Juni 2009, ada kecendrungan penurunan konsentrasi ozon total di Indonesia sebesar 0,29 DU/tahun. Bahan-bahan kimia perusak lapisan ozon ini terutama berasal dari jenis chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) yang digunakan dalam berbagai produk proses seperti lemari es, pendingin udara, proses pembuatan busa lembut, sebagai cairan pembersih.
Ozon merupakan gas yang secara alami terdapat didalam atmosfer. Lapisan ozon mulai dikenal oleh seorang ilmuwan dari Jerman, Christian Friedrich Schonbein pada tahun 1839. Ozon adalah hasil reaksi antara oksigen dengan sinar ultraviolet dari matahari. Istilah ‘ozon’ atau lebih tepat lagi ‘lapisan ozon’ mulai mendapat perhatian sekitar tahun 1980-an ketika para ilmuwan menemukan adanya ‘lubang’ di lapisan ozon di Antartika.
Lubang tersebut merupakan hasil dari tenaga matahari yang mengeluarkan radiasi ultra yang tinggi. Radiasi itu berpecah menjadi molekul oksigen sekaligus melepaskan atom bebas di mana setengahnya diikat dengan molekul oksigen yang lain untuk membentuk ozon.
Kerusakan lapisan ozon adalah istilah yang sering digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan berkurangnya atau hilangnya lapisan ozon yang terdapat pada lapisan atmosfir. Berdasarkan laporan dari NASA bahwa lubang ozon di Antartika telah mencapai 29 juta Km².
Konsentrasi rata-rata lapisan ozon kurang dari 200 DU dikategorikan sebagai lubang ozon (Ozone Hole). Penyebab rusaknya atau menipisnya lapisan ozon yaitu oleh Bahan Perusak Ozon (BPO) yang diemisikan dari berbagai kegiatan, baik dalam menggunakan atau memproduksi barang mengandung BPO.
Ancaman yang diketahui terhadap keseimbangan ozon adalah kloroflrokarbon (CFC) yang mengakibatkan menipisnya lapisan ozon. CFC digunakan oleh masyarakat modern dengan cara yang tidak terkira banyaknya, misalnya dengan : AC,Kulkas,bahan dorong dalam penyembur (aerosol), di antaranya kaleng semprot untuk pengharum ruangan, penyemprot rambut atau parfum pembuatan busa,bahan pelarut terutama bagi kilang-kilang elektronik.
Satu buah molekul CFC memiliki masa hidup 50 hingga 100 tahun dalam atmosfer sebelum dihapuskan. Dalam waktu kira-kira 5 tahun, CFC bergerak naik dengan perlahan ke dalam stratosfer (10 – 50 km). Molekul CFC terurai setelah bercampur dengan sinar UV, dan membebaskan atom Klorin. Atom klorin ini berupaya memusnahkan ozon dan menghasilkan lubang ozon. Penipisan lapisan ozon akan menyebabkan lebih banyak sinar UV memasuki bumi.
Mencegah Penipisan Ozon
Berdasar pada temuan-temuan para penelitimenyebutkan, bahwa bahan perusak lapisan ozon banyak digunakan dalam industri alat pemadam kebakaran dan Metil Bromida yang dipakai untuk bahan pestisida. Pemakaian bahan-bahan ini meningkat dengan cepat sejak tahun 1970-an yang menyebabkan kandungannya di atmosfer juga meningkat.
Untuk mengatasi hal ini adalah dengan cara mengubah perilaku manusia. Masyarakat harus disadarkan bahwa manusia harus hidup lebih lama dengan suasana nyaman dan aman. Edukasi yang disampaikan bisa dalam bentuk cerita dan bukti nyata supaya warga tergerak hatinya untuk hidup dengan cara yang lebih baik.
Karena, sampai hari ini banyak sekali kebiasaan masyarakat yang tidak sesuai dengan pola back to nature atau slogan Let’s Go Green yang sering dikumandangkan di televisi atau di iklankan di media cetak. Pola hidup konsumtif dan membuang sampah sembarangan masih lebih mendominasi kebiasaan hidup manusia di muka bumi ini. Mungkin di beberapa negara ada aturan-aturan yang "terpaksa" membuat warganya dilisplin. Indonesia pun seharusnya bisa mengadopsi tata cara seperti ini.
Tak perlu jauh-jauh mengambil contoh pola hidup salah yang merusak lingkungan dan alam. Indonesia masih terkenal sebagai negara pembabat hutan, beberapa penduduknya masih jauh dari kebiasaan hidup disiplin. Di kota Medan sendiri, masih banyak individu yang sedang berada di dalam mobil membuang sampah sembarangan ke jalan umum. Padahal, di kiri kanan jalan sudah disediakan tempat-tempat sampah.
Perlu diketahui, bahwa penipisan lapisan ozon akan menyebabkan lebih banyak sinar radiasi ultra ungu memasuki bumi. Radiasi ultra ungu ini dapat membuat efek pada kesehatan manusia, memusnahkan kehidupan laut, ekosistem, mengurangi hasil pertanian dan hutan. Efek utama pada manusia adalah peningkatan penyakit kanker kulit karena selain itu dapat merusak mata termasuk kataraks dan juga mungkin akan melemahkan sistem imunisasi badan.
Pada bidang pertanian, penerimaan sinar ultra violet pada tanaman dapat memusnahkan hasil tanaman utama dunia. Hasil kajian menunjukkan hasil tanaman seperti ‘barli’ dan ‘oat’ menunjukkan penurunan karena penerimaan sinar radiasi yang semakin tinggi. Tanaman diperkirakan akan mengalami kelambatan pertumbuhan, bahkan akan cenderung kerdil, sehingga merusak hasil panen dan hutan-hutan yang ada.
Radiasi penuh ini juga dapat mematikan anak-anak ikan, kepiting dan udang di lautan, serta mengurangi jumlah plankton yang menjadi salah satu sumber makanan kebanyakan hewan-hewan laut. Kerusakan lapisan ozon juga memiliki pengaruh langsung pada pemanasan bumi yang sering disebut sebagai "efek rumah kaca". Usaha-usaha untuk mencegah penipisan ozon menjadi mulai dilakukan bersama oleh semua negara di dunia.
Usaha itu pun telah digalakkan secara serius melalui UNEP (United Nation Environment Programme) salah satu organisasi PBB yang bergerak di bidang program perlindungan lingkungan dan alam. Oleh karena itu, kita semua harus memandang serius masalah ini dan berupaya untuk mencegah atau meminimalkan penipisan lapisan ozon di alam ini dengan cara meminimalkan penggunaan bahan-bahan yang dapat mempertipis ozon agar generasi yang akan datang dapat mewarisi alam sekitar yang masih baik.
Penanaman hutan baru dapat mereduksi CO2 di atmosfer. Proses ini disebut dengan proses berkelanjutan dari carbon. Sesuai dengan program pemerintah dengan ‘gerakan sejuta pohon‘ diharapkan dapat mengurangi pemanasan global dan menutup lubang ozon. Penanaman pohon-pohon baru di beberapa kawasan harus dilakukan secara berkesinambungan, di mana setiap kali ada penebangan pohon disaat itu juga ada upaya untuk menanamnya kembali dengan pohon baru atau tanaman baru.
(Penulis adalah pemerhati masalah lingkungan)
© 2008 Harian Analisa. All rights reserved.
Ozon dilapisan stratosfer memiliki peran penting dalam menyerap radiasi sinar UV (Ultraviolet) yang di pancarkan matahari ke bumi.Sejumlah senyawa polutan dapat menghancurkan ozon. Data terbaru mengungkapkan bahwa kerusakan lubang ozon di kutub Selatan sebesar 27 juta kilomter persegi.
Hal ini membuatnya lebih besar dibandingkan Amerika Utara yang luasnya sekitar 25 juta kilometer persegi.
Hal ini terjadi karena banyak sekali perilaku hidup manusia yang tanpa disadari menyebabkan kerusakan. Pusat Sains dan Teknologi Atmosfer Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (LAPAN) merilis, bahwa lubang ozon di kutub Selatan ini bukan dalam arti lubang yang sebenarnya pada lapisan ozon. Akan tetapi, lubang ozon merupakan penipisan lapisan-lapisan ozon dengan konsentrasi lebih rendah dari 220 DU. Nilai ini berdasarkan pengamatan ozon di Kutub Selatan yang tidak pernah lebih tinggi dari 220 DU sejak tahun 1979.
Sedangkan kondisi ozon di Indonesia berdasarkan data total ozon hasil pengukuran satelit Nimbus pada Juni 2009, ada kecendrungan penurunan konsentrasi ozon total di Indonesia sebesar 0,29 DU/tahun. Bahan-bahan kimia perusak lapisan ozon ini terutama berasal dari jenis chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) yang digunakan dalam berbagai produk proses seperti lemari es, pendingin udara, proses pembuatan busa lembut, sebagai cairan pembersih.
Ozon merupakan gas yang secara alami terdapat didalam atmosfer. Lapisan ozon mulai dikenal oleh seorang ilmuwan dari Jerman, Christian Friedrich Schonbein pada tahun 1839. Ozon adalah hasil reaksi antara oksigen dengan sinar ultraviolet dari matahari. Istilah ‘ozon’ atau lebih tepat lagi ‘lapisan ozon’ mulai mendapat perhatian sekitar tahun 1980-an ketika para ilmuwan menemukan adanya ‘lubang’ di lapisan ozon di Antartika.
Lubang tersebut merupakan hasil dari tenaga matahari yang mengeluarkan radiasi ultra yang tinggi. Radiasi itu berpecah menjadi molekul oksigen sekaligus melepaskan atom bebas di mana setengahnya diikat dengan molekul oksigen yang lain untuk membentuk ozon.
Kerusakan lapisan ozon adalah istilah yang sering digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan berkurangnya atau hilangnya lapisan ozon yang terdapat pada lapisan atmosfir. Berdasarkan laporan dari NASA bahwa lubang ozon di Antartika telah mencapai 29 juta Km².
Konsentrasi rata-rata lapisan ozon kurang dari 200 DU dikategorikan sebagai lubang ozon (Ozone Hole). Penyebab rusaknya atau menipisnya lapisan ozon yaitu oleh Bahan Perusak Ozon (BPO) yang diemisikan dari berbagai kegiatan, baik dalam menggunakan atau memproduksi barang mengandung BPO.
Ancaman yang diketahui terhadap keseimbangan ozon adalah kloroflrokarbon (CFC) yang mengakibatkan menipisnya lapisan ozon. CFC digunakan oleh masyarakat modern dengan cara yang tidak terkira banyaknya, misalnya dengan : AC,Kulkas,bahan dorong dalam penyembur (aerosol), di antaranya kaleng semprot untuk pengharum ruangan, penyemprot rambut atau parfum pembuatan busa,bahan pelarut terutama bagi kilang-kilang elektronik.
Satu buah molekul CFC memiliki masa hidup 50 hingga 100 tahun dalam atmosfer sebelum dihapuskan. Dalam waktu kira-kira 5 tahun, CFC bergerak naik dengan perlahan ke dalam stratosfer (10 – 50 km). Molekul CFC terurai setelah bercampur dengan sinar UV, dan membebaskan atom Klorin. Atom klorin ini berupaya memusnahkan ozon dan menghasilkan lubang ozon. Penipisan lapisan ozon akan menyebabkan lebih banyak sinar UV memasuki bumi.
Mencegah Penipisan Ozon
Berdasar pada temuan-temuan para penelitimenyebutkan, bahwa bahan perusak lapisan ozon banyak digunakan dalam industri alat pemadam kebakaran dan Metil Bromida yang dipakai untuk bahan pestisida. Pemakaian bahan-bahan ini meningkat dengan cepat sejak tahun 1970-an yang menyebabkan kandungannya di atmosfer juga meningkat.
Untuk mengatasi hal ini adalah dengan cara mengubah perilaku manusia. Masyarakat harus disadarkan bahwa manusia harus hidup lebih lama dengan suasana nyaman dan aman. Edukasi yang disampaikan bisa dalam bentuk cerita dan bukti nyata supaya warga tergerak hatinya untuk hidup dengan cara yang lebih baik.
Karena, sampai hari ini banyak sekali kebiasaan masyarakat yang tidak sesuai dengan pola back to nature atau slogan Let’s Go Green yang sering dikumandangkan di televisi atau di iklankan di media cetak. Pola hidup konsumtif dan membuang sampah sembarangan masih lebih mendominasi kebiasaan hidup manusia di muka bumi ini. Mungkin di beberapa negara ada aturan-aturan yang "terpaksa" membuat warganya dilisplin. Indonesia pun seharusnya bisa mengadopsi tata cara seperti ini.
Tak perlu jauh-jauh mengambil contoh pola hidup salah yang merusak lingkungan dan alam. Indonesia masih terkenal sebagai negara pembabat hutan, beberapa penduduknya masih jauh dari kebiasaan hidup disiplin. Di kota Medan sendiri, masih banyak individu yang sedang berada di dalam mobil membuang sampah sembarangan ke jalan umum. Padahal, di kiri kanan jalan sudah disediakan tempat-tempat sampah.
Perlu diketahui, bahwa penipisan lapisan ozon akan menyebabkan lebih banyak sinar radiasi ultra ungu memasuki bumi. Radiasi ultra ungu ini dapat membuat efek pada kesehatan manusia, memusnahkan kehidupan laut, ekosistem, mengurangi hasil pertanian dan hutan. Efek utama pada manusia adalah peningkatan penyakit kanker kulit karena selain itu dapat merusak mata termasuk kataraks dan juga mungkin akan melemahkan sistem imunisasi badan.
Pada bidang pertanian, penerimaan sinar ultra violet pada tanaman dapat memusnahkan hasil tanaman utama dunia. Hasil kajian menunjukkan hasil tanaman seperti ‘barli’ dan ‘oat’ menunjukkan penurunan karena penerimaan sinar radiasi yang semakin tinggi. Tanaman diperkirakan akan mengalami kelambatan pertumbuhan, bahkan akan cenderung kerdil, sehingga merusak hasil panen dan hutan-hutan yang ada.
Radiasi penuh ini juga dapat mematikan anak-anak ikan, kepiting dan udang di lautan, serta mengurangi jumlah plankton yang menjadi salah satu sumber makanan kebanyakan hewan-hewan laut. Kerusakan lapisan ozon juga memiliki pengaruh langsung pada pemanasan bumi yang sering disebut sebagai "efek rumah kaca". Usaha-usaha untuk mencegah penipisan ozon menjadi mulai dilakukan bersama oleh semua negara di dunia.
Usaha itu pun telah digalakkan secara serius melalui UNEP (United Nation Environment Programme) salah satu organisasi PBB yang bergerak di bidang program perlindungan lingkungan dan alam. Oleh karena itu, kita semua harus memandang serius masalah ini dan berupaya untuk mencegah atau meminimalkan penipisan lapisan ozon di alam ini dengan cara meminimalkan penggunaan bahan-bahan yang dapat mempertipis ozon agar generasi yang akan datang dapat mewarisi alam sekitar yang masih baik.
Penanaman hutan baru dapat mereduksi CO2 di atmosfer. Proses ini disebut dengan proses berkelanjutan dari carbon. Sesuai dengan program pemerintah dengan ‘gerakan sejuta pohon‘ diharapkan dapat mengurangi pemanasan global dan menutup lubang ozon. Penanaman pohon-pohon baru di beberapa kawasan harus dilakukan secara berkesinambungan, di mana setiap kali ada penebangan pohon disaat itu juga ada upaya untuk menanamnya kembali dengan pohon baru atau tanaman baru.
(Penulis adalah pemerhati masalah lingkungan)
© 2008 Harian Analisa. All rights reserved.
the Thomson Reuters Foundation
FOREST CONSERVATION MARKETS SLOWLY TURN TO REDD - POINT CARBON
24 Jul 2011 23:01
Source: reuters // Reuters
* Credits to reduce deforestation and degradation (REDD)
* Each is for a tonne of CO2 saved by unfelled forest
* So far demand is only in a small, thin voluntary market
By Valerie Volcovici, Point Carbon News
WASHINGTON, July 24 - As U.N. talks keep failing to agree how to raise money to protect forests, private investors are testing a trade in credits to slow the deforestation that emits as much carbon as all the world's cars, ships, trucks and planes.
French bank BNP Paribas is one of a handful of financial institutions and investment funds entering the risky but potentially lucrative market for REDD "credits" - units representing one tonne of carbon dioxide not emitted because a forest was left standing.
Last September, BNP's commodities derivatives arm provided $50 million to Wildlife Works, a conservation project developer designing a portfolio of projects to reduce deforestation and degradation (REDD) in Africa.
In that deal, BNP also acquired the rights to buy up to 1.25 million carbon credits over the next five years from Wildlife Works' flagship project in Kenya's Kasigau corridor.
This scheme aims to protect over 500,000 acres (202,400 hectares) of forest, secure a wildlife migration corridor between two national parks and bring sustainable benefits to local communities through education, jobs for rangers, and an "ecofactory" to produce organic cotton clothing.
But such carbon credits have only found demand in a small, thinly traded voluntary carbon market, as countries struggle to agree new, binding emissions cuts under U.N. climate talks where acrimony lingers after the failed Copenhagen summit in 2009.
"There is growing impatience with the multilateral process, not only from practitioners such as myself, but more importantly, from many forest countries themselves," said Christian del Valle, environmental markets and forestry director at BNP Paribas.
"Thus far the multilateral process has not delivered meaningful on-the-ground results, and forests continue to be lost because the only accessible price signal today indicates they are worth more cut down than standing," added London-based del Valle, who is driving the bank's investment in forest protection in Africa and Latin America.
A full U.N. climate deal could create a market through which rich polluting countries can buy carbon credits, paying for forest protection in the process, just as they pay for clean energy projects now under the Kyoto Protocol's existing carbon offset market, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
So far the only demand for forest carbon credits has been in the voluntary carbon market, worth $424 million last year, which lacks the binding rules that underpin the CDM.
Governments, such as Norway, Germany, Britain and the United States have pledged roughly $6.5 billion to help poorer countries develop systems to reduce emissions from deforestation, but that is seen only as a halfway house.
Private sector involvement will be essential.
Recent studies suggest that between $17 billion and $33 billion per year is needed to achieve a United Nations Environment Programme recommendation to halve global emissions from deforestation by 2030.
"We are not going to get the scale of what we need without participation by the private sector," said Donna Lee, who served as the lead U.N. negotiator on REDD for the United States and is now a consultant for advisory group Climate Focus. "There is a disconnect between the understanding by countries and (UN) negotiators and the private sector of what the private sector needs in order to participate in REDD," she said.
Lee said the U.N.'s climate change secretariat is not institutionally equipped for private sector participation or input.
Some negotiators view project developers and private investors as "carbon cowboys" responsible for the design of dubious carbon offset projects in developing countries under the present Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), she added.
One alternative to the so far futile attempts by the United Nations to achieve multilateral agreement among all its members may be bilateral or national action between two individual countries involving the private sector.
"It would be beautiful if everything could be done under the U.N. (climate change framework) but it is not. The success of the U.N. will likely be to ready REDD host countries to participate in emerging REDD market mechanisms but not to get global commitments out of developed countries," said Leslie Durschinger, founder of Terra Global, which runs a private equity fund that raises project finance for REDD.
POCKETS OF DEMAND
She and other investors see pockets of demand emerging from national and regional carbon markets sprouting up across the globe.
Countries like Japan and Australia may allow their emitters to use REDD credits to comply with their proposed emissions trading schemes. And regulators in the state of California have said they may allow REDD credits from certain rainforest states and provinces abroad in their future carbon market from 2015.
"When you look beneath that surface layer you see the pieces that are there that will ultimately build the market for REDD. Slowly but surely you will see increased demand and successful and well-designed projects on the ground securing private capital," Durschinger said.
Besides BNP, other early investors in these emerging markets include South Africa's Nedbank Group , which provided an early multimillion dollar investment in the first phase of Wildlife Works' Kenya project, to help meet the bank's goal to become carbon neutral.
Australia's Macquarie Bank announced this month it has raised $25 million to invest in forest carbon projects with the International Finance Corp. and a U.S. forest management firm.
Banking giant Bank of America Merrill Lynch is not yet directly investing in REDD but is partnering with a number of environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) developing REDD projects in China, Brazil, Indonesia and elsewhere.
Abyd Karmali, head of carbon markets at Bank of America Merrill Lynch , said his bank was merely "testing the waters" in its investment in REDD. He said reservations about investing in REDD boil down to a simple economic issue.
"Secure demand is all it would take to motivate more private sector interest," he said.
To drive that demand it may be necessary to be more imaginative about how to sell forest conservation in private sector markets, moving beyond carbon credits to other, perhaps less tradable assets such as brands.
REDD offset deals that are taking place in the voluntary carbon market represent just a fraction of the private sector's investment potential, said Benoit Bosquet, a lead carbon finance specialist at the World Bank.
"Right now what we understand is a sort of CDM-like offset system because we know the private sector has been involved in the CDM," said Bosquet, who coordinates the bank's fund that supports developing countries' REDD readiness efforts.
"It would be very sad if private sector investments in REDD would be limited to the purchase of carbon offset credits."
Companies in agriculture, energy, transport, tourism and mining -- all of which may have a forest footprint -- can identify opportunities at different stages of their production chains that investors can participate in. An example could be an agricultural company raising crops on already degraded land rather than clearing more forests.
"This full range of opportunities is nowhere near fully understood," said Bosquet. "I think you are going to see different investors move into different segments of this range of opportunities - some that are quite keen to invest in REDD regardless of the carbon offset opportunities." (Editing by Gerard Wynn and Anthony Barker)
More websites from the Thomson Reuters Foundation:
Trust.org
AlertNet
TrustLaw
TrustMedia
EIS
Copyright © 2011 Thomson Reuters Foundation
24 Jul 2011 23:01
Source: reuters // Reuters
* Credits to reduce deforestation and degradation (REDD)
* Each is for a tonne of CO2 saved by unfelled forest
* So far demand is only in a small, thin voluntary market
By Valerie Volcovici, Point Carbon News
WASHINGTON, July 24 - As U.N. talks keep failing to agree how to raise money to protect forests, private investors are testing a trade in credits to slow the deforestation that emits as much carbon as all the world's cars, ships, trucks and planes.
French bank BNP Paribas is one of a handful of financial institutions and investment funds entering the risky but potentially lucrative market for REDD "credits" - units representing one tonne of carbon dioxide not emitted because a forest was left standing.
Last September, BNP's commodities derivatives arm provided $50 million to Wildlife Works, a conservation project developer designing a portfolio of projects to reduce deforestation and degradation (REDD) in Africa.
In that deal, BNP also acquired the rights to buy up to 1.25 million carbon credits over the next five years from Wildlife Works' flagship project in Kenya's Kasigau corridor.
This scheme aims to protect over 500,000 acres (202,400 hectares) of forest, secure a wildlife migration corridor between two national parks and bring sustainable benefits to local communities through education, jobs for rangers, and an "ecofactory" to produce organic cotton clothing.
But such carbon credits have only found demand in a small, thinly traded voluntary carbon market, as countries struggle to agree new, binding emissions cuts under U.N. climate talks where acrimony lingers after the failed Copenhagen summit in 2009.
"There is growing impatience with the multilateral process, not only from practitioners such as myself, but more importantly, from many forest countries themselves," said Christian del Valle, environmental markets and forestry director at BNP Paribas.
"Thus far the multilateral process has not delivered meaningful on-the-ground results, and forests continue to be lost because the only accessible price signal today indicates they are worth more cut down than standing," added London-based del Valle, who is driving the bank's investment in forest protection in Africa and Latin America.
A full U.N. climate deal could create a market through which rich polluting countries can buy carbon credits, paying for forest protection in the process, just as they pay for clean energy projects now under the Kyoto Protocol's existing carbon offset market, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
So far the only demand for forest carbon credits has been in the voluntary carbon market, worth $424 million last year, which lacks the binding rules that underpin the CDM.
Governments, such as Norway, Germany, Britain and the United States have pledged roughly $6.5 billion to help poorer countries develop systems to reduce emissions from deforestation, but that is seen only as a halfway house.
Private sector involvement will be essential.
Recent studies suggest that between $17 billion and $33 billion per year is needed to achieve a United Nations Environment Programme recommendation to halve global emissions from deforestation by 2030.
"We are not going to get the scale of what we need without participation by the private sector," said Donna Lee, who served as the lead U.N. negotiator on REDD for the United States and is now a consultant for advisory group Climate Focus. "There is a disconnect between the understanding by countries and (UN) negotiators and the private sector of what the private sector needs in order to participate in REDD," she said.
Lee said the U.N.'s climate change secretariat is not institutionally equipped for private sector participation or input.
Some negotiators view project developers and private investors as "carbon cowboys" responsible for the design of dubious carbon offset projects in developing countries under the present Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), she added.
One alternative to the so far futile attempts by the United Nations to achieve multilateral agreement among all its members may be bilateral or national action between two individual countries involving the private sector.
"It would be beautiful if everything could be done under the U.N. (climate change framework) but it is not. The success of the U.N. will likely be to ready REDD host countries to participate in emerging REDD market mechanisms but not to get global commitments out of developed countries," said Leslie Durschinger, founder of Terra Global, which runs a private equity fund that raises project finance for REDD.
POCKETS OF DEMAND
She and other investors see pockets of demand emerging from national and regional carbon markets sprouting up across the globe.
Countries like Japan and Australia may allow their emitters to use REDD credits to comply with their proposed emissions trading schemes. And regulators in the state of California have said they may allow REDD credits from certain rainforest states and provinces abroad in their future carbon market from 2015.
"When you look beneath that surface layer you see the pieces that are there that will ultimately build the market for REDD. Slowly but surely you will see increased demand and successful and well-designed projects on the ground securing private capital," Durschinger said.
Besides BNP, other early investors in these emerging markets include South Africa's Nedbank Group , which provided an early multimillion dollar investment in the first phase of Wildlife Works' Kenya project, to help meet the bank's goal to become carbon neutral.
Australia's Macquarie Bank announced this month it has raised $25 million to invest in forest carbon projects with the International Finance Corp. and a U.S. forest management firm.
Banking giant Bank of America Merrill Lynch is not yet directly investing in REDD but is partnering with a number of environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) developing REDD projects in China, Brazil, Indonesia and elsewhere.
Abyd Karmali, head of carbon markets at Bank of America Merrill Lynch , said his bank was merely "testing the waters" in its investment in REDD. He said reservations about investing in REDD boil down to a simple economic issue.
"Secure demand is all it would take to motivate more private sector interest," he said.
To drive that demand it may be necessary to be more imaginative about how to sell forest conservation in private sector markets, moving beyond carbon credits to other, perhaps less tradable assets such as brands.
REDD offset deals that are taking place in the voluntary carbon market represent just a fraction of the private sector's investment potential, said Benoit Bosquet, a lead carbon finance specialist at the World Bank.
"Right now what we understand is a sort of CDM-like offset system because we know the private sector has been involved in the CDM," said Bosquet, who coordinates the bank's fund that supports developing countries' REDD readiness efforts.
"It would be very sad if private sector investments in REDD would be limited to the purchase of carbon offset credits."
Companies in agriculture, energy, transport, tourism and mining -- all of which may have a forest footprint -- can identify opportunities at different stages of their production chains that investors can participate in. An example could be an agricultural company raising crops on already degraded land rather than clearing more forests.
"This full range of opportunities is nowhere near fully understood," said Bosquet. "I think you are going to see different investors move into different segments of this range of opportunities - some that are quite keen to invest in REDD regardless of the carbon offset opportunities." (Editing by Gerard Wynn and Anthony Barker)
More websites from the Thomson Reuters Foundation:
Trust.org
AlertNet
TrustLaw
TrustMedia
EIS
Copyright © 2011 Thomson Reuters Foundation
Minggu, 13 Maret 2011
Breaking News
Republika OnLine » Breaking News » Lingkungan
Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia Kalahkan AS
Ahad, 27 Februari 2011, 10:34 WIB
Smaller Reset Larger
REPUBLIKA.CO.ID, BANJARMASIN-- Indonesia merupakan negara paling kaya dengan keanekaragaman hayati dibanding negara-negara lain di dunia bahkan mengalahkan Amerika Serikat (AS) yang wilayahnya lima kali lebih luas dibanding Indonesia.
Hal tersebut disampaikan pendiri Mangabay.com, Rhett A.Butler, saat berada di Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan (Kalsel), Ahad, usai pertemuan dengan anggota Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Walhi) Kalsel.
Menurut Rhett, dari hasil penelitian dan data yang mereka dapatkan, keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia, mulai dari laut, udara, dan daratan cukup besar. Seperti jenis mamalia, menurut dia, terdapat 667 jenis, burung sebanyak 1.604 jenis, reptil sebanyak 749 jenis dan tumbuhan 30.000 jenis.
Jumlah tersebut jauh lebih banyak dibanding keanekaragaman hayati yang dimiliki AS, yaitu untuk mamalia sebanyak 468 jenis, burung hanya 888 jenis, reptil 360 jenis dan tumbuhan sebanyak 20.000 jenis.
Potensi yang cukup besar tersebut, kata dia, menjadi bukti bahwa Indonesia adalah negara yang cukup indah dan kaya dengan berbagai potensi yang bisa dikembangkan untuk mendukung kesejahteraan rakyat.
Misalnya saja, katanya, keanekaragaman hayati dari tumbuhan bisa dikembangkan menjadi berbagai macam obat-obatan herbal yang jauh lebih ekonomis dibandingkan obat-obatan kimia.
Pengembangan obat-obatan herbal yang bisa dilakukan masyarakat dengan sangat mudah juga tidak memerlukan proses perizinan yang rumit dan berbagai persyaratan yang berbelit, sehingga masyarakat lebih mudah untuk memanfaatkannya untuk obat-obatan dan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan.
Kedatangan Rhett ke Kalsel didampingi oleh Asisten Atase Kebudayaan Amerika Serikat (AS), Arend C. Zwartjes. Selain ke Kalimantan Rhett juga melakukan kunjungan ke Sumatra, Sulawesi dan Papua.
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Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia Kalahkan AS
Ahad, 27 Februari 2011, 10:34 WIB
Smaller Reset Larger
REPUBLIKA.CO.ID, BANJARMASIN-- Indonesia merupakan negara paling kaya dengan keanekaragaman hayati dibanding negara-negara lain di dunia bahkan mengalahkan Amerika Serikat (AS) yang wilayahnya lima kali lebih luas dibanding Indonesia.
Hal tersebut disampaikan pendiri Mangabay.com, Rhett A.Butler, saat berada di Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan (Kalsel), Ahad, usai pertemuan dengan anggota Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Walhi) Kalsel.
Menurut Rhett, dari hasil penelitian dan data yang mereka dapatkan, keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia, mulai dari laut, udara, dan daratan cukup besar. Seperti jenis mamalia, menurut dia, terdapat 667 jenis, burung sebanyak 1.604 jenis, reptil sebanyak 749 jenis dan tumbuhan 30.000 jenis.
Jumlah tersebut jauh lebih banyak dibanding keanekaragaman hayati yang dimiliki AS, yaitu untuk mamalia sebanyak 468 jenis, burung hanya 888 jenis, reptil 360 jenis dan tumbuhan sebanyak 20.000 jenis.
Potensi yang cukup besar tersebut, kata dia, menjadi bukti bahwa Indonesia adalah negara yang cukup indah dan kaya dengan berbagai potensi yang bisa dikembangkan untuk mendukung kesejahteraan rakyat.
Misalnya saja, katanya, keanekaragaman hayati dari tumbuhan bisa dikembangkan menjadi berbagai macam obat-obatan herbal yang jauh lebih ekonomis dibandingkan obat-obatan kimia.
Pengembangan obat-obatan herbal yang bisa dilakukan masyarakat dengan sangat mudah juga tidak memerlukan proses perizinan yang rumit dan berbagai persyaratan yang berbelit, sehingga masyarakat lebih mudah untuk memanfaatkannya untuk obat-obatan dan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan.
Kedatangan Rhett ke Kalsel didampingi oleh Asisten Atase Kebudayaan Amerika Serikat (AS), Arend C. Zwartjes. Selain ke Kalimantan Rhett juga melakukan kunjungan ke Sumatra, Sulawesi dan Papua.
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Selasa, 18 Januari 2011
Forces of Nature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Force of Nature (disambiguation).
Forces of Nature
Directed by Bronwen Hughes
Produced by Susan Arnold
Ian Bryce
Donna Roth
Written by Marc Lawrence
Starring Ben Affleck
Sandra Bullock
Music by John Powell
Cinematography Elliot Davis
David Stockton
Editing by Craig Wood
Studio DreamWorks SKG
Roth–Arnold Productions
Distributed by DreamWorks SKG
Release date(s) March 19, 1999
Running time 105 min.
Country United States
Language English
Budget $75,000,000 (estimated)[1]
Gross revenue $52,888,180 (Domestic)
$93,888,180 (Worldwide)
Forces of Nature is a 1999 romantic comedy film, directed by Bronwen Hughes, and starring Academy Award winners Ben Affleck, and Sandra Bullock.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Plot
* 2 Cast
* 3 References
* 4 External links
[edit] Plot
Ben Holmes (Affleck) is a 'blurb' writer — responsible for writing the short introductions on the sleeves of hardcover books. On his way to Savannah, Georgia for his wedding with Bridget (Maura Tierney), he's already nervous about flying. His nerves aren't helped when he's seated next to Sarah (Bullock), a free–spirit person who seems to get on his nerves. On takeoff, a bird flies into one of the engines, causing a flameout. Now afraid to fly, he reluctantly agrees to travel with Sarah, who also needs to get to Savannah within a few days.
During the course of their trip, things seem to keep happening to prevent them from getting to their destination — from being on the wrong car of a train, to getting caught in various thunderstorms (thus, the title of the film). However, Ben is impressed by Sarah's easy spirit, and starts to feel a connection with her. As they get closer to their destination, Ben starts to wonder if he's making the right choice in getting married to Bridget, or if he should just let fate take him with Sarah, who has a secret of her own.
[edit] Cast
* Ben Affleck as Ben Holmes
* Sandra Bullock as Sarah Lewis
* Maura Tierney as Bridget
* Steve Zahn as Alan
* Blythe Danner as Virginia
* Ronny Cox as Hadley
* Michael Fairman as Richard Holmes
* Richard Schiff as Joe
[edit] References
1. ^ "Forces of Nature at Box Office Mojo". http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=forcesofnature.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
[edit] External links
* Forces of Nature at the Internet Movie Database
* Forces of Nature at Allmovie
* Forces of Nature at Rotten Tomatoes
* Forces of Nature at Box Office Mojo
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_of_Nature"
Categories: American films | 1999 films | 1990s romantic comedy films | English-language films | DreamWorks films | Films shot in Virginia | Films shot in Jacksonville, Florida | Films shot in South Carolina
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Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Force of Nature (disambiguation).
Forces of Nature
Directed by Bronwen Hughes
Produced by Susan Arnold
Ian Bryce
Donna Roth
Written by Marc Lawrence
Starring Ben Affleck
Sandra Bullock
Music by John Powell
Cinematography Elliot Davis
David Stockton
Editing by Craig Wood
Studio DreamWorks SKG
Roth–Arnold Productions
Distributed by DreamWorks SKG
Release date(s) March 19, 1999
Running time 105 min.
Country United States
Language English
Budget $75,000,000 (estimated)[1]
Gross revenue $52,888,180 (Domestic)
$93,888,180 (Worldwide)
Forces of Nature is a 1999 romantic comedy film, directed by Bronwen Hughes, and starring Academy Award winners Ben Affleck, and Sandra Bullock.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Plot
* 2 Cast
* 3 References
* 4 External links
[edit] Plot
Ben Holmes (Affleck) is a 'blurb' writer — responsible for writing the short introductions on the sleeves of hardcover books. On his way to Savannah, Georgia for his wedding with Bridget (Maura Tierney), he's already nervous about flying. His nerves aren't helped when he's seated next to Sarah (Bullock), a free–spirit person who seems to get on his nerves. On takeoff, a bird flies into one of the engines, causing a flameout. Now afraid to fly, he reluctantly agrees to travel with Sarah, who also needs to get to Savannah within a few days.
During the course of their trip, things seem to keep happening to prevent them from getting to their destination — from being on the wrong car of a train, to getting caught in various thunderstorms (thus, the title of the film). However, Ben is impressed by Sarah's easy spirit, and starts to feel a connection with her. As they get closer to their destination, Ben starts to wonder if he's making the right choice in getting married to Bridget, or if he should just let fate take him with Sarah, who has a secret of her own.
[edit] Cast
* Ben Affleck as Ben Holmes
* Sandra Bullock as Sarah Lewis
* Maura Tierney as Bridget
* Steve Zahn as Alan
* Blythe Danner as Virginia
* Ronny Cox as Hadley
* Michael Fairman as Richard Holmes
* Richard Schiff as Joe
[edit] References
1. ^ "Forces of Nature at Box Office Mojo". http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=forcesofnature.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
[edit] External links
* Forces of Nature at the Internet Movie Database
* Forces of Nature at Allmovie
* Forces of Nature at Rotten Tomatoes
* Forces of Nature at Box Office Mojo
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_of_Nature"
Categories: American films | 1999 films | 1990s romantic comedy films | English-language films | DreamWorks films | Films shot in Virginia | Films shot in Jacksonville, Florida | Films shot in South Carolina
Personal tools
* Log in / create account
Namespaces
* Article
* Discussion
Variants
Views
* Read
* Edit
* View history
Actions
Search
Search
Navigation
* Main page
* Contents
* Featured content
* Current events
* Random article
* Donate to Wikipedia
Interaction
* Help
* About Wikipedia
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Contact Wikipedia
Toolbox
* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Permanent link
* Cite this page
Print/export
* Create a book
* Download as PDF
* Printable version
Languages
* Deutsch
* Español
* Français
* Italiano
* Magyar
* Nederlands
* Polski
* Português
* Русский
* Svenska
* Suomi
* This page was last modified on 16 October 2010 at 14:17.
* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
* Contact us
Minggu, 16 Januari 2011
reforest land
Philippines to reforest land, create jobs: govt
With a depletion rate estimated at 1,900 hectares a day, government projections suggest the Philippines' remaining forests could be gone within 16 years.
by Staff Writers
Manila (AFP) June 30, 2009
Tens of thousands of hectares (acres) of deforested land in the Philippines has been handed over to farmers in a novel job-creation and reforestation programme, the government said Tuesday.
It said 33,387 farmers have been given two hectares (4.94 acres) each of either deforested upland areas or coastal mangroves, half of it to be farmed and half to be replanted with "trees suitable to the area."
The target is to create 52,425 jobs, backed by 19,400 pesos (403 dollars) for each beneficiary, the environment and natural resources department said in a statement.
"Such opportunities will help give our upland families economic resiliency in dealing with the impact of the current global financial crisis while enabling them to take active part in fighting global warming," Environment Secretary Joselito Atienza said.
The government did not say how long the farmers will be able to keep the land.
Official data show the southeast Asian archipelago, which once had 16 million hectares of forested land, lost about a third of that in just 15 years to 2005.
With a depletion rate estimated at 1,900 hectares a day, government projections suggest the Philippines' remaining forests could be gone within 16 years.
The Philippines said 9.7 million Filipinos out of a total labour force of 37.8 million were jobless or underemployed as of April.
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WOOD PILE
Malian scales new heights as Canadian lumberjack
Lebel-Sur-Quevillon, Canada (AFP) June 29, 2009
"Some say that I'm practicing voodoo in the woods, but I'm just very efficient. They call me the 'General of the forest,'" said Mamadou N'diaye with a burst of laughter. Since 2002, this Malian immigrant has spent his summers working in the boreal forests of northeastern Canada, far from his two little girls and family who live in Montreal about 800 kilometers (500 miles) to the south. ... read more
.
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With a depletion rate estimated at 1,900 hectares a day, government projections suggest the Philippines' remaining forests could be gone within 16 years.
by Staff Writers
Manila (AFP) June 30, 2009
Tens of thousands of hectares (acres) of deforested land in the Philippines has been handed over to farmers in a novel job-creation and reforestation programme, the government said Tuesday.
It said 33,387 farmers have been given two hectares (4.94 acres) each of either deforested upland areas or coastal mangroves, half of it to be farmed and half to be replanted with "trees suitable to the area."
The target is to create 52,425 jobs, backed by 19,400 pesos (403 dollars) for each beneficiary, the environment and natural resources department said in a statement.
"Such opportunities will help give our upland families economic resiliency in dealing with the impact of the current global financial crisis while enabling them to take active part in fighting global warming," Environment Secretary Joselito Atienza said.
The government did not say how long the farmers will be able to keep the land.
Official data show the southeast Asian archipelago, which once had 16 million hectares of forested land, lost about a third of that in just 15 years to 2005.
With a depletion rate estimated at 1,900 hectares a day, government projections suggest the Philippines' remaining forests could be gone within 16 years.
The Philippines said 9.7 million Filipinos out of a total labour force of 37.8 million were jobless or underemployed as of April.
Share This Article With Planet Earth
del.icio.usdel.icio.us DiggDigg RedditReddit
YahooMyWebYahooMyWeb GoogleGoogle FacebookFacebook
Related Links
Forestry News - Global and Local News, Science and Application
Search All Our Sites - Powered By Google
WOOD PILE
Malian scales new heights as Canadian lumberjack
Lebel-Sur-Quevillon, Canada (AFP) June 29, 2009
"Some say that I'm practicing voodoo in the woods, but I'm just very efficient. They call me the 'General of the forest,'" said Mamadou N'diaye with a burst of laughter. Since 2002, this Malian immigrant has spent his summers working in the boreal forests of northeastern Canada, far from his two little girls and family who live in Montreal about 800 kilometers (500 miles) to the south. ... read more
.
Get Our Free Newsletters Via Email
.
Memory Foam Mattress Review
SPACE MEDIA NETWORK CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
Solar Energy Solutions ::
Shop for telescopes online :: Tempur-Pedic Mattress Comparison
Newsletters :: SpaceDaily Express :: SpaceWar Express :: TerraDaily Express :: Energy Daily
XML Feeds :: Space News :: Earth News :: War News :: China News
The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2009 - SpaceDaily. AFP and UPI Wire Stories are copyright Agence France-Presse and United Press International. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by SpaceDaily on any Web page published or hosted by SpaceDaily. Privacy Statement
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